Environmental Data Analysis with MatLab

Question: Talk about the advantages and difficulties you have gotten from undertaking Environmental Management for Sustainable Development? Answer: The current task will close the various types of difficulties and focal points, which are reached by the diverse ecological administration framework to create and keep up a maintainable situation improvement process. The goal of the examination is to investigate all the noteworthy elements, which will close about the significance of manageability in any nation. In the time of globalization, the idea of the industrialization is normal (Boylan, 2014). The administration of various nation faces various types of difficulties and hindrances so as to keep up an appropriate natural supportability. Contamination is one of the significant dangers towards keeping up a solid and manageability condition (Menke and Menke, 2012). There are various types of components, which dirty the earth, and now and again it turns out to be a lot of hard to oversee and control contamination in the nation. The accompanying piece of the investigation will finish up about the different elements, which will accentu ate about the advantages and difficulties of the manageable advancement process in the nation (Montgomery, 2014). Keeping up an eco-accommodating condition and green condition in the nation puts various types of positive effects on the natural maintainability process. Be that as it may, to keep a legitimate natural maintainability in the nation, there are specific difficulties looked by the NGOs and government with the end goal of keeping up an appropriate ecological supportability plans and projects (Murphy and King, 2014). I feel that advancement of an eco-accommodating condition will bring about different useful procedures. It is better for the general public. Developing contamination is probably the most concerning issue, which each nation faces whether it is a created nation or a creating nation. Industrialization is the essential factor to assess this specific proclamation in the task. The ascent of industrialization in the time of globalization puts both positive effect just as negative effect towards an expansion in the efficiency of the nation. From my experience, the benefits of indust rialization increment the general buying intensity of the clients. In any case, the significant downsides towards of industrialization are the ascent in the degree of contamination in the nation. There are various types of contamination in the nation. I feel that while arranging this specific examination process, the thought of industrialization has expanded air contamination, water contamination, and land contamination. Creating various types of rules and guidelines by the administration is a definitive arrangement so as to take care of this specific issue. There are different kinds of the exploration procedure, which are attempted with the end goal of finishing up the whole examination process. I feel that receiving an appropriate information examining procedure will get done with the best discoveries to finish the entire examination process. I have for the most part stressed in the use of the auxiliary method of information assortment, which permitted me to close about various types of a subsequent examination paper on ecological manageability the executives followed by different kinds of measurable facts and authority sites of different NGOs. This specific examination procedure will assist the perusers with concluding what are the various types of difficulties and advantages which dominant part of the NGOs faces towards keeping up a continued contamination free condition in the nation. Reference List Boylan, M. (2014).Environmental morals. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Menke, W. also, Menke, J. (2012).Environmental information examination with MatLab. Burlington: Elsevier. Montgomery, C. (2014).Environmental topography. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Murphy, E. also, King, E. (2014).Environmental commotion contamination. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Using Behavioral Objectives in IEP Goals

Utilizing Behavioral Objectives in IEP Goals At the point when an understudy in your group is the subject of an Individual Education Plan (IEP), you will be called upon to join a group that will compose objectives for her. These objectives are significant, as the understudies execution will be estimated against them for the rest of the IEP time frame, and her prosperity can decide the sorts of supports the school will provide.â For instructors, its critical to recall that IEP objectives ought to be SMART. That is, they ought to be Specific, Measurable, use Action words, Realistic, and Time-limited.â Conduct targets, instead of objectives connected to analytic apparatuses, for example, tests, are regularly the most ideal approach to characterize progress for gentle to seriously intellectually impaired kids. Social objectives show plainly if the understudy is profiting by the endeavors of the help group, from instructors to class clinician to advisors. Fruitful objectives will show the understudy summing up the abilities learned in different settings into his every day schedule. Step by step instructions to Write Behavior-Based Goals Conduct objectives are explanations that will depict close to three things about the people behavior.They will state exactly the conduct to be exhibited. Describe how regularly and how much the conduct is to be exhibited.Indicate the particular conditions under which the conduct will happen. While thinking about attractive conduct, consider action words. Models could be: feed self, run, sit, swallow, say, lift, hold, walk, and so forth. These announcements are largely quantifiable and effectively characterized. Lets work on composing a couple of social objectives utilizing a portion of the above models. For takes care of self, for instance, an unmistakable SMART objective may be: Understudy will utilize a spoon without spilling food on five endeavors to take care of. For walk, an objective may be: Understudy will stroll to the coat rack at break time without help. Both of these announcements are unmistakably quantifiable and one can decide whether the goal is being met effectively or not. Time Limits A significant part of the SMART objective for conduct alteration is time. Determine a period limit for the conduct to be accomplished. Give understudies various endeavors to finish another conduct, and take into consideration a few endeavors to not succeed. (This compares to a precision level for the conduct.) Specify the quantity of redundancies that will be required and express the exactness level. You can likewise determine the degree of execution you are searching for. For instance: understudy will utilize a spoon without spilling food. Set the conditions for the pinpointed practices. For instance: Understudy will eat dinners, utilizing a spoon without spilling food on in any event five endeavors at noon. Understudy willâ motion for the educators consideration after an undertaking has been finished when the instructor isn't occupied with another understudy. In outline, the best procedures for instructing understudies with mental incapacities or formative defers originate from evolving practices. Practices are handily assessed in understudies for whom analytic tests are not the best alternative. Elegantly composed conduct targets can be one of the most helpful instruments for arranging and assessing the remarkable understudies instructive objectives. Make them a piece of the effective Individualized Education Plan.

5 places to grab a healthy bite to eat COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

5 places to grab a healthy bite to eat COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Earlier this week,  our former PA Lauren Podber, MIA 15, shared with you  her  favorite locations to exercise at in the city.  Today, shes sharing a post about five  healthy eating options near campus. An amazing perk of living in New York City is the access to some amazing  restaurants. In fact, SIPA even has its own student group, SIPA Eats, just for eating! With that said, not all restaurants across the city offer the healthiest menus. So continuing from where we left on Wednesday, below youll  five  of my favorite, healthy-eating spots: Juice Generation: This juice bar is always a good bet for a healthy snack. They have  15 locations in New York City, so youre bound to run into one at some point. For a post-workout protein boost, I’m a huge fan of the Joyful Almond Smoothie, with extra  spinach and an extra scoop of whey protein. For detoxing and getting in more vegetables, I recommend the Professional, which is just 97 calories (its collard greens, swiss chard, kale, spinach, wheatgrass, cucumber, apple, lemon and ginger). Dig Inn: Dig Inn has become one of my favorite places for lunch near Columbia University. They offer healthy food at a reasonable price, which can be tough to find in New York. As a vegetarian, I usually opt for the Veggie Market plate with sweet potatoes, spinach and mango, and a (small) side of mac and cheese.   If I’m extra hungry, I’ll add half an  avocado to my order. Non-vegetarians: don’t fret, they’ve got plenty of options for you as well! Community: This restaurant is just across the street from campus. It  offers  delicious menu items, but  it’s a bit on the pricier side, so it’s not an everyday sort of place. I always, always, always get the Farmer’s Chop salad (similar to the Community picture above), which has romaine hearts, green apples, cucumbers, radishes, carrots, sunflower seeds, feta cheese and champagne-cider vinaigrette dressing. (Can you say yum!) Chobani SoHo: In case you’ve hopped on the Greek-yogurt bandwagon (or haven’t but want to!), Chobani (maker of those Greek yogurts that come in every flavor at the grocery store), has a shop in SoHo. They offer many interesting (and healthy!) yogurt concoctions, so its definitely worth checking out. Peace Food Cafe:  This is a vegan café and bakery. The bakery isn’t exactly healthy, but the ingredients are organic, all natural and vegan.   For lunch or dinner, there are a plethora of healthy options. Im sure youre getting hungry by now! So if youre in town, I highly recommend you  dine at one of these locations. For more options, review our recent posts on the Admission Offices favorite restaurants. Lauren Podber, MIA 15

Nu-545 Unit 1 Essay - 5474 Words

1. What is metabolic absorption? â€Å"All the cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their surroundings. Cells of the intestine and the kidney are specialized to carry out absorption. Cells of the kidney tubules reabsorb fluids and synthesize proteins. Intestinal epithelial cells reabsorb fluids and synthesize protein enzymes† (McCance Huether, pg. 2). 2. What uses oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms in an oxidative reaction? â€Å"Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (McCance Huether, pg. 7). 3. During cell injury what is released that is capable of cellular auto†¦show more content†¦The carrier then returns to its original shape, releasing the two K+ions and the remnant of the ATP molecule to the inside of the cell. The carrier is now ready for another pumping cycle† (McCance Huether pg. 29) I found this video helpful as well in understanding the concept. https://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_the_sodium_potassium_pump_works.html 14. What is active transport? â€Å"Active transport, the protein transporter moves molecules against, or up, the concentration gradient† (McCance Huether, pg. 29). 15. What are cytokins? â€Å"Growth factors, also called cytokins, are peptides that transmit within and between cells. They have a major role in the regulation of tissue growth and development† (McCance Huether, pg. 35). 16. Do all cells continue to replicate and divide? â€Å"All types of cells undergo mitosis during formation of the embryo, but many adult cells, such as nerve cells, lens cells of the eye, and muscle cells, lost their ability to replicate and divide. The cells of other tissues, particularly epithelial cells [e.g., of the intestine, lung, skin), divide continuously and rapidly, competing the entire cell cycle in less than 10 hours† (McChance Huether, pg. 35). 17. When normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining are †¨replaced by stratified squamousShow MoreRelatedNu 545 Exam 1 Study Guids Essay3863 Words   |  16 Pages|Unit 1:The Cell/Genes Gene-Environmental Interaction/Mechanisms of |This unit will cover Chapters 1-3 Chapters 6-10 in your McCance Huether | |Self-Defense |text. | |Study Guide Unit 1 | NU 545 | Read MorePatho-Phys Unit 2 Study Guide Usa Essay4997 Words   |  20 PagesNU 545 Unit 2 Study Guide Review the anatomy of the brain. (pg. 451) Which portion is responsible for keeping you awake? (pg. 453) The epithalamus, pineal gland, functions much like the limbic system by influencing the secretion of melatonin associated with circadian rhythms. Controlling thought? (pg. 452) They parietal lobe is involved in sensory association (storage, analysis, and interpretation of stimuli). Emotions and behavior? (pg. 453) The hypothalamus is responsibleRead MoreMasculinity in the Philippines12625 Words   |  51 Pagesof this global process. Within twenty years, the span of a single generation, mobilization and its propaganda, convinced a people without a tradition of military service to accept conscription and internalize a new standard 1 of manhood. When tested in battle during World War 1, the generation of Filipino officers formed in this mobilization proved willing to fight and die with exceptional courage. Models of Masculinity During the two decades of this extraordinary social experiment, prewar PhilippineRead MoreNU 545 Unit 2 Essay10921 Words   |  44 PagesNU 545 Unit 2 Study Guide ! 1. Review the anatomy of the brain. Which portion is responsible for keeping you awake, controlling thought, speech, emotions and behavior, maintaining balance and posture? - Ch. 15 p. 454 Box 15-3 - Brainstem- midbrain, medulla oblongata, and pons Reticular Formation-Collection of nuclei within brainstem that maintains wakefulness and works in conjunction with the cerebral cortex and together they are known as the reticular activating system. P. 454 -Read MoreQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 PagesSons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, E-mail: PERMREQ@WILEY.COM. To order books or for customer service, call 1-800-CALL-WILEY(225-5945). Montgomery, Douglas, C. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, Sixth Edition 978-0-470-16992-6 Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 About the Author Douglas C. Montgomery is Regents’ Professor of Industrial Engineering and Statistics and the Arizona State University Foundation ProfessorRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesgrow libraries in developing countries www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org Contents Preface Overview of the book’s structure 1 Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Learning objectives The nature of marketing The management process Strategic decisions and the nature of strategy The marketing/strategy interface Summary xi xiii 1 3 3 7 11 19 37 41 43 45 45 50 53 70 71 75 77 79 79 80 81 86 88 89 101 102 104 107 109 Stage One: Where are we now? Strategic and marketing analysisRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pagespurposes. 1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa- 2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF DIVISIONS, TITLES, rmajette on DSK29S0YB1PROD with BILLS 4 5 AND SUBTITLES. (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 6 ‘‘Affordable Health Care for America Act’’. VerDate Nov 24 2008 12:56 Oct 30, 2009 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H3962.IH H3962 2 1 2 Read MoreDamodaran Book on Investment Valuation, 2nd Edition398423 Words   |  1594 Pagesthough, that you can do me a favor as you go through the manuscript. If you find any mistakes - mathematical or grammatical - could you please let me know? It would help me ensure that the typos do not find their way into the final version. Chapter 1: Introduction to Valuation Chapter 2: Approaches to Valuation Chapter 3: Understanding Financial Statements Chapter 4: The Basics of Risk Chapter 5: Option Pricing Theory and Models Chapter 6: Market Efficiency: Theory and Models Chapter 7: Riskless

Essay about Mans Quest for Utopia - 861 Words

Mans Quest for Utopia In 1516, Sir Thomas Moore published his Utopia. He wrote of a perfect world, one where optimal common wealth was acheived, and there was a common satisfaction with the system. Though Moore may have coined the owrd utopia, this was by no means a new concept. Ever since the dawn of time, man has dreamed of a better world.There has always been a desire to make things better, to create a happier and more peaceful existence. Throughout history, various leaders, terrorists, and commoners have strived to create their own perfect world. However, one conflict has always arisen: everyone holds their own image of utopia. And when these images clash, problems arise that make utopia harder to grasp. By examining history as†¦show more content†¦If one does not, however, wish to expand ones surroundings, but merely improve the existing ones, one turns to reform to seek their utopia. Mao Zedong, Peter the Great, Thomas Jefferson, and Rev. Martin Luther King Jr all used reform to try and at tain their utopia.While Mao tried to do away with the four olds of ancient China and turn toward a Communist society, Peter the Great was more interested in gaining ideas from the west and modernizing to their standards. Both Jefferson and King had ideas of freedom and equality in mind when they presented their reforms. (However Jefferson and King probably had different ideas on equality.) Reform is a more modern tool than conquest. Reform is often geared towards a group utopia as opposed to a personal utopia. Conquest normally satisfys no one but the conqueror, whereas reform is ordinarily beneficial to the general public. Reform can happen on a small scale or a large scale. Mao certainly acheived reform on a large scale by reforming an entire countrys governmental system. The theatre department at Newton North High School, however, acheived reform on a large scale when they made the Senior Cup award available to any student, not just athletes. Isolation is another technique that i s rarely used, but used nonetheless to acheive utopia. The Native Americans, and Japanese emperor Tokugawa achieved isolation in order to accomplish utopia for their civilization. The Native Americans did not attempt toShow MoreRelatedImagery In Bradburys Works1707 Words   |  7 Pagesin Bradbury’s work show man’s hunger to know who he is and his place in the world. They help to show the struggle within man to find out how to achieve his full potential, fearing growing old and dying, and man’s internal quest for a way to effectively deal with the recurrent problem of evil in his life (â€Å"Understanding Bradbury’s Works†). These themes often create a somewhat evangelical, Christian tone in his work, insisting that the only hope for the world lies within man’s own self (â€Å"UnderstandingRead MoreThe Lord of the Flies by William Golding1306 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Lord of the Flies, William Golding creates a microcosm that appears t o be a utopia after he discharged from the British Royal Navy following World War II. After an emergency landing, Golding places a diverse group of boys on the island that soon turns out to be anything but utopia. The island the boys are on turns out to be an allegorical dystopia with inadequate conditions (Bryfonski 22). The boys reject all lessons they learned from their prior British society, and they turn towards theirRead MoreAyn Rand Anthem1250 Words   |  5 Pagesand coming to the West. She called this philosophy objectivism and it most evidently stays away from focusing on the whole. Objectivism is centered on the individual and reason, â€Å"the faculty that identifies and integrates the material provided by man’s senses† (Ayn Rand, 112). Throughout the book, Anthem, objectivism is expressed in all aspects and is used to tell what is benevolent and what is bad. One way Ayn expresses her idea of objectivism is by making the antagonist in the book very orientedRead MoreAnalysis Of Kurt Vonnegut s Cat s Cradle 1194 Words   |  5 Pagestells us. He is really telling us, of course, how futile it is to write or read histories. Without accurate records of the past, how can men and women be expected to avoid making serious mistakes in the future?† serves the purpose of saying that in man’s quest for efficiency and self-improvement, nothing is really achieved. No matter how much time and energy humanity wastes trying to document its mistakes, time and time again they are repeated due to flawed human nature that can’t be subverted. AnotherRead More Jack Kerouac’s On The Road - The Spiritual Quest, the Search for Self and Identity1312 Words   |  6 PagesThe Spiritual Quest  in On the Road  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A disillusioned youth roams the country without truly establishing himself in one of the many cities he falls in love with. In doing so, he manages with the thought or presence of his best friend. What is he searching for? While journeying on the road, Sal Paradise is not searching for a home, a job, or a wife. Instead, he longs for a mental utopia offered by Dean Moriarty. This object of his brotherly love grew up in the streets of America. ThroughRead More How Young Goodman Brown Became Old Badman Brown Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom his Puritan ancestry; relatives of his were judges in the Salem witchcraft trials. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is an allegory whose characters play a major role in conveying the reoccurring theme of sin and retribution. The short story represents one mans journey to leave his faith, home, and security temporarily behind to take a walk with the devil into a dark forest. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The forest is a symbol of the test of strength, courage, and enduranceRead MoreThomas Paine Hai Great Republic Summary1694 Words   |  7 Pagesbreak apart from the British tyranny rule. In this poem, he commends this country as the â€Å"land of love and liberty† and hopes the paradise to â€Å"be [there] forever.† Even after praising all its beautiful natural landscape that gives hope for the perfect utopia, he contradicts the idea of freedom as he reflects some of Europe’s ideas. In the poem, he implies that America is an empire, hinting the idea of imperialism that gained popularity during the time. This is quite opposite of what America intends toRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of The Truman Show1521 Words   |  7 Pages The Truman Show is one man’s life being played out in a closed environment for the entertainment of the outside world. Most important to note, Truman Burbank has no clue that his whole life has been little mor e than just a television program produced on a grand scale to produce the image of reality in a dome. The Truman Show blends ethos, logos, and pathos together in a symphony of self-discovery and power over an adversary, whether physical or spiritual. It is one man’s journey from unknowing andRead MoreHow the Poem Ozymandias Highlights the Fundamental Issue in the Film Watchmen1255 Words   |  6 Pagesrefers to himself as Ozymandias. Adrian Alexander Viedt, the smartest and one of the most powerful individuals on Earth, is a contemporary version of the Egyptian king. Though, Adrian Viedt masterfully averted the looming nuclear war and created his utopia in the movie, his feats are concealed to the public just as Ozymandias’s vast empire has been forgotten in the modern world. An awareness of the poem â€Å"Ozymandias† aids the viewer in analyzing the fundamental issue – the pervasive fallacy of powerRead MoreEssay The Myopia of Dystopia3805 Words   |  16 Pagespolitical messages with common themes such as the fine line that divides a utopia and a dystopia and the sharp contrast in the perception of the characters within the works and the reader. In Aldous Huxleys Brave New World, takes the individuality of the inhibitors of this world and has made happiness and enjoyment of life in to an artificial feeling with the constant presence of soma, a wonder-drug. In hope of achieving utopia, humankind plunges into dystopia though mass cloning which ultimately destroys

Cognitive Psychology a Meeting of the Mind and Education Free Essays

Cognitive psychology: a meeting of the mind and education To John Bruer, cognitive psychology is the critical bridge between brain science and education. A true understanding of how the brain handles learning tasks will only be reached with the help of cognitive psychologists, says John Bruer, PhD, president of the James S. McDonnell Foundation. We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Psychology: a Meeting of the Mind and Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Over the last decade, Bruer has seen the rise of a â€Å"brain-based† education movement with the media, educational consultants and researchers trying to apply basic brain research to the education of the nation’s children. In a much cited 1997 article, â€Å"Education and the brain: a bridge too far,† published in the Educational Researcher (Vol. 26, No. 8, p. 416), he criticized a trend to overinterpret the findings of this kind of research and apply it in schools. Holding more immediate promise for application in schools, he believes, are imaging technologies that examine the human brain’s processing of math, reading and other specific learning tasks. But even imaging research, he says, must stem from quality cognitive science. Cognitive psychology, says Bruer, can serve as the â€Å"bridge† between this type of hard neuroscience and the schools. In a conversation with the Monitor, Bruer, whose background is in philosophy and physics and whose foundation funds mainly biomedical and behavioral sc iences research, called on psychologists to collaborate more closely with educators as they structure studies of the brain and attempt to apply their findings to education. Q. What have been some of the most dangerous myths that have been spread through brain-based education? A. One is the idea that there’s a critical period for school-type learning, an optimal period during brain development that ends at around 11 or 12 years and after which learning becomes much more difficult. There’s absolutely no basis in neuroscience for that claim. What a lot of brain-based consultants don’t appreciate is that to turn basic psychological research into effective learning practices you have to develop interventions based on cognitive science in math, reading and other subject areas and test them in classrooms. Q. Who do you think is in a position to do that kind of work? A. Cognitive psychologists. What a lot of people do not realize is that better understanding of brain function relies on improved understanding of learning and behavior. Our understanding of how mental tasks are executed by neural structures in the brain is crucially dependent on cognitive and behavioral research by psychologists. Q. Are imaging studies relying on this kind of behavioral research? A. Totally. To have an interpretable imaging study depends on very careful behavioral study of the experimental task. Our imaging technologies have limited temporal and spatial resolution, so we want to design studies that optimize our ability to look at the smallest parts of the brain that we possibly can. The way to do that is to analyze mental arithmetic, for example, down to its subcomponents–retrieving a number fact, trying to decide which of two numbers is larger. You can begin to see where those subcomponents might be located in the brain, and from there you can begin to see the circuitry involved in doing these tasks. Q. Do you think that findings from brain research on learning disability–in math and reading, for example–might apply more generally to educating children? A. The attempt to understand learning and our mental capacities in terms of brain structures is such a new discipline that if they make advances over the next 50 years as they have over the last 15, who knows? It could be very exciting. But until 10 years ago, most cognitive psychologists did not take any interest in the brain. Brain imaging helped change that. But still, this hybrid discipline, cognitive neuroscience, that attempts to map cognitive mental functions onto brain areas and circuits, is in its infancy. We all have great expectations, but it’s hard to make specific predictions about what the ultimate applications might be. Q. Do you think that, at this point, enough cognitive psychologists are involved in bridging brain research with education? A. Because of the interest in brain imaging and cognitive neuroscience, there are people doing it. But one of the problems is that there aren’t enough experimental psychologists thinking about applications of psychology to education. Part of that is a funding problem. But it’s been our experience at the foundation that if you make resources available for psychologists to work with educators to do that kind of work, you can elicit some very good proposals. Q. Are you looking more at funding that kind of work? A. Yes. I see an opportunity to work with some cognitive neuroscientists to ask, â€Å"What educational problems do you think you might be able to solve because of what you know? † I would like to see the foundation’s interest moving more in that direction over the next five to 10 years. Q. Is t a problem that most cognitive psychologists don’t have as much experience with education as with science? A. Yes. In most areas there’s some friction between researchers and practitioners. It happens to be pretty evident in education. One way to address that is to encourage long-term collaborations between researchers and practitioners, where they’re working together as peers rather than with the scientists going into schools and acting as master and educators as their servants. Two things have to happen. The researchers have to become a bit more aware of and sensitive to the problems teachers confront in the classroom. And teachers need to begin to think like researchers–to at least understand the importance of experimental controls, evidence, this kind of thing. Q. And how do you get that collaboration going? A. One thing we have found is if you send out a request for proposals that requires the teachers, the practitioners and the researchers to come in together on a project, they do it. You want to structure funding programs for research and for improving instruction that incorporate the best research thinking and the best practical classroom knowledge. How to cite Cognitive Psychology: a Meeting of the Mind and Education, Essay examples

Do You Speak American free essay sample

Absolutely, the answer was no. In the past, I thought American English was only a language which pronounced â€Å"r† heavily. Surprisingly, according to the map of dialect, America can be divided by seven parts. They are Eastern New English, NYC,Philadelphia, The North, The Midland, The South and The West. And different regions of America have different dialects. In terms of the dialect of American English, I have a re-understanding of this language. I find it is interesting, even surprising, and I am more curious about that. The dialects of American English is really interesting. Honestly, when I hear a conversation or a speech, I can hardly recognize the accents without special note, although sometimes I can recognize the obvious accents according to the meaning of the sentence. For example, most young California say [? ] to replace [? ], say â€Å"like† as â€Å"lake†. According to my personal experience, when I traveled to Miami, Florida, I heard that most people in there said â€Å"lift† as â€Å"left†. We will write a custom essay sample on Do You Speak American? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Moreover, Net English used among young people is another part of interest. For example, â€Å"das kool† equals â€Å"that is cool†, â€Å"lol† means â€Å"laugh out loud†, â€Å"How ya doin hun† is â€Å"how are you doing honey? †, â€Å"g2g† means â€Å"got to go†, etc. Maybe they think typing English in this way is more convenient and fashionable, however, I do not think so. Furthermore, experts recommend that TV series is a good way to recognize and learn dialects since the actors of a program are come from different regions. At last, teenagers prefer to use some new words of phrases to express an common meaning, such as â€Å"bling bling† refers to expensive jewelry. This is popular and sometimes I also use that to express myself. Actually, I am surprised about the dialects of American English in the following aspects. Firstly, in North America, people will laugh at lobsterman’s dialect and make fun with the way they speak. As far as I am concerned, we should respect different languages and cultures. Even though we cannot understand the way of communication, every dialect must has its own value to exist. Moreover, although people dislike some dialects, they can always imitate those dialects they hate. It is unbelievable. In addition, I watched these three DVDs without subtitle. So when I watched the CD2 which introduced the dialects in the mid-land, I found it was difficult for me to understand what people said. However, it is easier to understand what the north and west people said. I think it means that the people of mid-land and south have strong accents. Frankly, there are some points that I do not know before I watching this video. First of all, Philadelphia shakes the American speech more than any other city. Secondly, the Black and the White cannot communicate with each other by using English at the beginning. Thirdly, some people who come from the mid-land consider New Yorker speak bad English, since New Yorker say â€Å"water† as â€Å"[w? :d? ]†. To be honest, as for me, I like the dialect of New York. Fourthly, some pronounciation of dialect are totally different from the original pronounciation. For example, in Ohio and Michigan, â€Å"yins† means â€Å"you†, and in north, â€Å"ayuh† is equal to â€Å"yes†, etc. Finally, looking at magazines to find new words is a job, its purpose is to update the dictionary. To sum up, I don’t think I am speaking American even though I am in New York now. The dialects in United States are diverse. In my opinion, dialect is a component of cultural activities. And some dialects are related to history, some are related to the life style of different region. There are a variety of expressions for dialects. Those include the differences of pronounciation, the new words for common meaning, net English, etc. Most important, no matter what kind of language we say, we should respect all of them and admit the existence value of them. At last, I think watching different American TV series is a good way for me to improve my American English.

Leadership in General Electric

Introduction General Electric (GE) is a large company that operates from the United States. According to Forbes Magazine, it is the second largest company in the world after JPMorgan Chase. Forbes compared the performance of GE with that of other companies in certain aspects like sales, market value and assets.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Leadership in General Electric specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More GE has different segments among them capital finance, energy infrastructure, consumer, technology infrastructure and industrial segments. In order to achieve its goals and remain competitive, GE requires sound leadership because without good leadership, the company would not be able to achieve its business goals. This essay focuses on leadership at GE. Importance of Leadership at GE It is agreeable that the importance of leadership in any organization cannot be overlooked because organizations require colle ctive effort to achieve their goals. Human nature is characterized by confusion and disagreements in the absence of a competent leader. This makes it difficult for organizations to achieve their goals. Since GE is a company that is comprised of many workers who work towards achievement of a common goal, some form of leadership is essential. Although the need for leadership in organizations has been in existence for many years, its importance has increased due to changes in business activities. For instance, production methods have become complicated while specialization has increased. A good and effective leader at GE would be like a dynamo. Such a leader would be responsible for generating energy that would enable workers to achieve organizational goals with ease. The success that GE has achieved so far is largely attributable to good leadership. Dynamic leadership is important because it plays an important role in boosting the morale of employees and ensuring that they achieve org anizational goals (Nelson 4). GE relies on good leadership to encourage workers to increase their performance through continuous efforts. The organization fully understands that forceful or authoritarian means are not suitable methods of achieving organizational success. Good leadership supports authority by creating influence and inspiring workers to take certain actions. It plays an important role in different managerial levels in the organization because without sound leadership, it is impossible for management to perform its functions. While organizational structures play an important role in ensuring that organizations achieve set goals, they do not offer all relationships that are required by workers in an organization. Employees who have common interests are not bound by formal relationships because they aim at achieving organizational goals.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF L earn More As a result, informal relationships effectively regulate and control the behavior of workers. Good leadership ensures that there is cooperation between management and workers. This enhances beneficial collaboration, which is aimed at achieving organizational goals. To achieve successful leadership, leaders should involve their subordinates in all decision making processes. This is because involving them in decision making processes makes them feel that their value in organizations is recognized. However, it is important for leaders to employ necessary powers in order to ensure that implementation of policies that have been designed is effective. Leaders should be able to give clear and understandable instructions to their subordinates in order to ensure that organizational goals are achieved. Impact of Good Leadership at GE Good leadership at GE would impact the organization in different ways. The first way through which good leadership would impact GE is that motivation of workers would be increased. Good leaders have the ability to inspire the people they work with. This is because they have a solid understanding of business activities that an organization performs and things that motivate workers. Good leaders use information about workers to design appropriate messages, meetings and other interactions to ensure that the workers work hard to achieve high results. This type of motivation helps organizations to achieve set goals because messages that are designed take into account workers’ needs (Iqbal 45). The second impact of good leadership at GE is that the organization would experience a decrease in conflicts. Groups that lack effective leaders are characterized by persistent conflicts. Employees engage in constant power struggles as they try to test the competence of leaders that are in charge of different operations. Effective leaders enjoy respect from other employees and this reduces unnecessary conflicts. In addition, good leaders possess excellent interpersonal communication skills, which enable them to resolve organizational conflicts. The third impact of good leadership at GE is that the ability of the organization to retain its employees would be increased. Good leaders communicate transparently and constructively and this enables them to develop trust among their employees.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Leadership in General Electric specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This would give employees at GE a voice and make them feel valued. As a result, the organization would reduce employee turnover since they would be satisfied. Effective leadership is among the most important things that employees consider before they build their loyalty to specific organizations. High employee turnover is harmful to organizations hence it should be avoided through effective leadership. The fourth impact of good leadership at GE is that it would fa cilitate development of talent among employees. Good leaders identify ways of expanding their organizations through talent development. As a result, they strive to nurture employees who have talents in different fields. They evaluate them thoroughly and provide constructive criticism, after which they initiate mentoring programs for those who portray potential for growth. This equips employees with adequate leadership skills, which makes it easy for a smooth organizational transition, when some leaders leave their leadership positions. The fifth impact of good leadership is that GE would achieve better organization of different tasks and activities. A good leader is able to see a big picture of an organization and work hard to ensure that the organization succeeds. This helps him/her to conduct a keen evaluation of how things are done. A good leader notices problems and weaknesses in an organization and comes up with suitable solutions. Good leadership would therefore enable GE to a chieve better organization of different tasks. The Best Leadership Styles at GE There are different leadership styles that GE can use to achieve its objectives. The first type of leadership style that GE should adopt is democratic or participative leadership style. This is a type of leadership style that involves employees in decision making processes. Democratic leaders encourage employees to exercise creativity. Democratic leadership style would be suitable at GE because it would increase job satisfaction among employees since they would take part in decision making processes. In addition, it would make it possible for them to enhance their skills in different areas. Employees feel motivated, when they take full control of their destinies, and this makes them more productive. Although it might take longer to make decisions under democratic leadership style, the results are usually impressive. It is appropriate in team environments because quality is of great importance (Dereli 25) .Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second type of leadership style that can be applied at GE is Laissez-Faire leadership style. Leaders who adopt this type of leadership give their employees an opportunity to perform their duties on their own without interference. They also allow them to perform their duties with utmost freedom and even determine deadlines. Leaders offer team support only by advising workers. They do not involve themselves in what the workers do. A higher level of success is achieved, when individual workers have adequate experience and skills. The most important reason why this leadership style would be beneficial is that it would create job satisfaction among employees at GE because they enjoy autonomy. This would increase productivity and guarantee achievement of organizational goals. The third leadership style that GE should adopt is task-oriented leadership style. This type of leadership style focuses on ensuring that tasks are completed in good time. Task-oriented leaders clearly define tas ks that should be accomplished, create necessary structures, organize, plan and continuously monitor every task. They also carry out other important tasks like developing and ensuring that performance standards are followed by workers. Task-oriented leadership style would be beneficial because it would ensure that there is effective time management in order to meet set deadlines. The fourth leadership style that GE should adopt is transformational leadership style. This is one of the best leadership styles that organizations should apply in order to achieve their goals. Transformational leaders work towards achievement of the best results through inspiring other workers. This ensures that high productivity is achieved since all workers are fully involved. However, organizations should be careful, when using transformational leadership because sometimes transformational leaders need experts to give them advice. This implies that GE should apply both transformational and transactional leadership styles. Transactional leaders are responsible for ensuring that routine tasks are completed in the right manner while transformational leaders focus on developing initiatives that enhance organizational performance (Leadership Styles 5). The final leadership style that GE should adopt in order to achieve its goals is relationship-oriented leadership style, which is also known as people-oriented leadership style. In this type of leadership style, leaders focus on supporting and organizing workers to help them to perform their tasks effectively. It is participatory in nature and encourages employees to work as teams and apply their creativity. People-oriented leaders handle workers respectfully without discrimination. They are approachable and respond to the needs of all workers in good time. When team members need them, they are always available. This leadership style is suitable because it would enable GE to develop a strong team that workers would like to be part of. Th ey would be ready to engage in activities that are considered risky because their leaders would be available to assist them, when they need assistance. Conclusion Leadership is very important in any organization because without good leaders, organizational goals cannot be achieved. Good leaders build strong teams that play an important role in achieving organizational goals. Since GE is among the world’s largest companies, it should apply suitable leadership styles in order to achieve its goals. This essay has discussed some of the best leadership styles that GE can apply. The essay has also discussed the importance of leadership at GE and the impact of good leadership. Works Cited Dereli, Mahce. Leadership Styles. New York: VDM Publishing, 2010.Print. Iqbal, Talha. The Impact of Leadership Styles on Organizational Effectiveness. New york: GRIN Verlag, 2011.Print. Leadership Styles 2013 Web. https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_84.htm. Nelson, Lauren. The Effect of Good Leadership. 2013. Web. https://bizfluent.com/list-7200020-benefits-good-leadership-.html. 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The Mexican and Russian Revolution essays

The Mexican and Russian Revolution essays Two Revolutions shaped the history of two countries: Mexico and Russia. Both Revolutions drastically changed the life of their people. I will compare and contrast both Revolutions. The Mexican Revolution happened in the year 1910. There were many dictators in Mexico. The president of Mexico at that time was Porfirio Diaz that had been president for over 30 years, who was also a dictator with, Victoriano Huerta and Venustiano Carranza. The dictators fought for the interest of the peons. There were also people that wanted a democracy in Mexico. Francisco Madero that was educated in Europe and at the University of California led a series of strikes throughout the country for new election of president. (Mexico online.com pg.1) Madero also had follwers that were, Emiliano Zapata and Francisco Villa. They also fought for democracy. Madero overthrows Diaz and became president in 1911. Madero promised to return the land to the peons. Carranza then rose to be president and made the Constitution of 1917, which is still their today. In the Constitution they gave land back to the peons, which was the whole reason for the Revolution of Mexico in 1910. The Russian Revolution happened in the year 1917. There were many reasons for the Revolution that mad people mad. Russia was an Autocracy, which means that the Tsar had total power. People in Russia wanted to make Russia more of a democracy. The Tsar at that time was Nicholas II. Wealthy people that didnt want things to change in Russia influenced Nicholas. Rich people who werent the most of the population ran Russia. About four-fifths of the populations were peasants. Lenin led one of the terrorist groups in Russia who used violence. Some of the reasons for the Revolution were that the people couldnt trust the Tsar, but the real reason was because Russia became involved in the First World War. Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, abdicated on March 2, 1917. (Mod...

Lesson Plan Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lesson Plan Analysis - Essay Example Another benefit of this game is that it has too much variety to it and once children know how to play it and the teacher knows how to monitor them then there is a long way to go. Another reason for its attractiveness is that it stimulates children verbally and mentally. It keeps evolving at such a pace that children get engrossed in playing it. Teacher can focus on the vocabulary or use of fully grammatically correct sentences. The development of coherent speech at a good rate can be achieved if a teacher keeps incorporating this game in class lessons. It also provides the teacher with an opportunity to assess the language while playing. The only constraint I can see is of arrangement of the material. The lesson 'What did you wear today' is an excellent example of one to one presentation. Reasoning abilities can build besides building the blocks. Blocks are very helpful and useful to give math and science concepts and many other adjustments are possible with blocks. The hand -eye coordination along with counting and fine motor skills gets developed at a good pace. Sooner or later child will be able to relate the similarities and relationships of objects. Massive amount of vocabulary related to clothing can be given and then become more targeted depending on teacher's intentions of teaching. I think there are too many concepts taken care of in this lesson, for example, vocabulary, the concept of present tense, counting, magnitude, enumerations etc. They also get to explore sizes, shapes and different weights. At last but not the least is that it gives them an opportunity to solve construction problems and make a decision every time they want to build. At the age of 3 to 4, childre n can very comfortably build vertical or horizontal towers and can easily get the sense of accomplishment. Free play can be a very good option with blocks children can love building stacks on their own. But expecting children to repeat the whole process on their own will be a high expectation. Language development can also take place during the free play or instructional play along with the growth of social skills. A good lesson always gives a chance to a teacher to assess the child and it does for sure. Most of the preschool teachers consider free play time very significant and children cherish it. It is very essential for psychological development of children. The science lesson "Ice block Designs" is a very good example of free play where children can be in high spirits. Hutt,Tyler,Hutt & Christopherson (1990) write, " Free-play with material, outcome is unpredictable" (p.122.) An adult just need to monitor and let the children generate language, build concepts and explore with minimum intervention. Children can develop the concept of colors, textures and experiment. Reasoning, expressing original thoughts and improvement of co ordination can be stepped forward through this lesson. Open ended data can also be obtained by questioning and supplying attractive materials. The only draw back again is of arranging the ice blocks and keeping the weather in mind before carrying out the activity. The social studies lesson "Shoe skating" can be a good follow up lesson. Again in this class, children can have lot of fun as it will give some time to free play and pretend to skate.

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 10

Psychology - Essay Example These children should be in school instead of working in a brothel and being abused by men and even women who are old enough to be their parents or grandparents. The deeply rooted and widespread sex tourism industry in Thailand is primarily to blame for the trafficking of women and children for the purpose of prostitution (2005 US Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report). The boom in the sex tourism industry creates a huge demand for sex workers, which encourages traffickers and even parents to allow their children to take part in the industry. In most cases, the parents are given substantial amount of money as advance payments for the â€Å"labor† of their children in the brothel. The advance payments are then considered as debts which must be paid within a period of time. Since Asian children, particularly those from Thailand believe in honoring the debts of their parents, these young children are forced to work as sex workers to pay off the debts of their parents. (US Department of State Human Rights Report (2005). Throughout the duration of their bondage in the brothel, these young women and children are made to serve as sex slaves and are made to take on as many as nine customers in a day (US Department of State Human Rights Report (2005). Almost all of these women and children who work as sex slaves use drugs to keep them going through the night. For them, they simply do not have any choice but to use drugs to keep their energy up and serve more customers. Young children who are forced to work as sex workers are especially at risk of serious injuries and even death due to the abuse. The use of drugs and continued sexual abuse is inhuman to say the least. Although a lot of people are aware that prostitution in rampant in many Asian countries especially in Thailand, most of these people turn a deaf ear. Why? First of all, these people are not really aware of the extent of the hardships that these women and children

Is an oligopolistic market structure an example of market failure?

Is an oligopolistic market structure an example of market failure? Introduction One constructive approach of categorizing a market is by dividing it in terms of the number of firms on the supply side of the market and the buyers concentration on the demand side. Oligopoly represents one of the market structure where there are a very few firms on the supply side and a huge concentration of buyers on the demand side. As the buyers cannot affect the market conditions, they are going to adopt it as such and the supplier will be busy in anticipating the rival behavior. Oligopoly looms large in industries of steel, petroleum, automobiles etc. Many industries can operate geographically as oligopolies. For example banking in a small town operate as oligopoly since there will be one or two banks in the area and the residents will be forced to take his business to the local banks.( Friedman, 1983) Oligopoly a complex market structure Oligopoly is virtually a big business. Under this market structure, the rivalry takes on its worst form. Product innovations, aggressive advertising and innovative marketing tactics are frequently applied to outweigh each other. Oligopolistic market structures are the most difficult to analyze as they are highly interdependent and interwoven, where moves and countermoves are taken rapidly. For example a simple action by Ford may lead to a reaction by General Motors, which in turn cause a readjustment in Fords plan, thereby modifying GMs response and so on. So anything can happen anytime in oligopoly. There are few models that highlight oligopolistic behavior. They are: Cartels A case arises in monopoly when all the firms attempt to promote interdependence and they all mutually agree to set price and output. The firms through their mutual coordination try to create a giant monopoly. OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), is an example of a cartel platform. Price leadership and Tacit Collusion It is an arrangement in which one or two firms make an arrangement for the pricing for the entire firm. Other firms are forced to follow the same price pattern although no such agreement exists in the industry. For example: In the infant formula industry, Abbot laboratories, Bristol Myers Squibb and American Home Products deliberately set their prices closer to each other to dominate the industry. The Kinked Demand Curve This model elaborates the stickiness in pricing in an oligopolistic structure. It has been hypothesized in this model that if for example, a firm X lowers its price in an oligopolistic market, the rival will be forced to lower its price to in order to avoid the loss of its market base. The demand curve dd is thus the relevant curve in case of a price reduction. dHowever, if the firm X goes for a price increase, then the case wont be the same. The rivals will not imitate this time, and would continue to enjoy the customer support as they would flee the firm X products. In this case the demand curve would be DD. The firm then tries to remain in a segment of the elastic demand curve between dd and DD. The true demand curve is represented by DAd, known as the kinked demand curve which silently points out the fact heads you lose, tails you lose (Baumol and Blinder, 2009) D A Price 8 (Competitors prices are fixed) 7 D d (Competitors respond to price changes) 0 Quantity per year 1,400 1,100 1,000 Game theory and the Oligopoly Game theory has been formulated to understand the behavior of the firms in an oligopolistic market structure that do not work on a collaborated output and pricing. The underlying assumption is that the large bossy firms are like players in a game of poker. They make the moves of lowering or increasing the price, to advertise or not to advertise, to discount and so on, based on their rivals move. Understanding the payoffs can put a firm in a better position to compete with its rival and be in a profit maximizing and rational position. For example the game between two coffee shops is illustrated as below: C:Documents and SettingsAnumDesktop4th assignmentUnderstanding Oligopoly Behavior a Game Theory overview Economics in Plain English_filesgame-theory-1.jpeg Source: Welker, J. (2009).Understanding oligopoly behavior-A game theory overview. Available from: http://welkerswikinomics.com/blog/2009/12/15/understanding-oligopoly-behavior-a-game-theory-overview// According to the above figure, both San Francisco coffee and Starbucks is following a dominant strategy. They are working up to maximize their outcome through advertising, ignoring what their competitor does. If S.F advertises, Starbucks earns profit ($12 vs. $10) through advertising. This means the pay offs are the same. Since both firms are enjoying profit through advertising they will do so, though the total profits are less in case when both are advertising, as compared to when they are not advertising. But such a condition would be a condition of instability, as to advertise is likely to be beneficial for both. So we say that advertise/advertise is Nash equilibrium, as at this stage none of the firm is going to change its strategy since it is bringing incentive to both (Jason Welker, 2009). Market failure due to Oligopoly Keeping in view the above theories that tries to explain oligopolistic behavior, the market failure due to oligopoly can be attributed to a various causes. Inefficiency, instability and indeterminacy brought about by oligopoly may result in a market crash. The firms supremacy is established as the capacity is established more and more, but little is produced in order to create artificial barrier to entry. The competitors compete on the basis of non pricing factors such as heavy advertising, which gives more hold up to the artificial barrier to entry. Prices are well above cost and price discrimination prevails. Some of the firms also engage in self-regulation to preserve their own profits and market share that further detoriate the situation (Grewal and Kumnick, 2006). Oligopolistic firms output and prices substantially differ from what is socially accepted from them. It is also believed that the misleading advertisement by the large firms also misleads the consumers and compels them to buy products that they do not want. They impose political and economic power and hover over the mind of the consumers working like an invisible hand. Market Form Number of firms in the market Frequency in Reality Entry Barriers Public Interest Results Long Run Profit Equilibrium Conditions Oligopoly Few Produces Large share of GDP Varies Varies Varies Varies Source: Economics: Principles and Policy By William J. Baumol, Alan S. Blinder MC=MR applies for a profit maximizing firm, under equilibrium. However, in oligopoly, MC is usually unequal than MR mainly because in oligopoly the firms are seeking to adopt strategies in accordance with the game theory, or they look for techniques such as increasing sales for profit maximization as their ultimate goal. Conclusion In a perfectively competitive market place the behavior of the firms automatically lead to a maximization of consumer benefits through an efficient allocation of resources. In oligopoly however, resource allocation is usually is not well set, more focused is paid on restricting output in an attempt to maneuver prices and profits. In an oligopoly everything is possible, can happen anytime anywhere, so the economists are still unable to clearly predict its behavior. Besides, its ability to lead the market down, some economists are of the belief that oligopoly has made a significant contribution towards the economic growth in the past two decades resulting in an increase in the average income of the rich countries.(Baumol and Blinder, 2009). Question two What are the implications for management of businesses in such structures? Introduction Oligopoly is a market characterized by few firms. Managers of a firm in such a structure know that their firm enjoys a market power. But the other players also have their share of power too. If the managers take the right course of action, properly assessing the behavior of their rivals in the industry, they are likely to make a profit. Strategic behavior Strategic behavior refers to the firms ability of proper consideration of their market power and awareness of their rivals move. Strategic behavior occurs in oligopolistic structures where there is less product differentiation and a competitive industry exists (Taylor and Weerapana, 2009) Implication for the managers The most important implication for the managers regarding oligopoly is the pricing practice on the basis of mutual interdependence. In case of monopoly, the absence of competition enables the managers to follow the MR=MC role to maximize its profit. Simply following the MR=MC isnt just enough. Example Consider, for example the case of proctor and gamble, where the manager hires a consultant for the thorough analysis of the cost, structure and demand. After a detailed analysis of the structure of the body soap products, the manager follows the MC=MR rule and set the retail price at $1.99.In a sudden move, the competitors Colgate-Palmolive , Lever brothers etc set the price of the comparable product 10 to 15 below to that of proctor and gamble. What the manager is likely to do? Either he can go for advertising and heavy promotion to compete against the lower prices of the competitors or can lower its prices down. Or he can simple do nothing if he is confident enough of the strong loyalty that his brand enjoys among consumers. The point is that, that pricing in oligopolistic structure cannot be done without taking into account your competitor. This is the essence of mutual interdependence (Young and McAuley,1994) The second implication for the managers is to understand that it can be extremely difficult to make money in a competitive market. Firms are required to be as much cost efficient as possible because they cannot control the prices. The managers are supposed to be vigilant enough to be able to spot opportunities and enter the market before the others could enter. They should be able to make their place before the demand gets high enough to support an above normal price. A situation could arise in oligopoly, where the managers in a firm become so successful in beating up the competition that the firm turns into a monopoly, or the one that can exercise monopolistic power. Such a case happened with IBM when In 1969, the firm dominated the computer market so much so, that the department of Justice had to issue an antitrust suit against it (Keat, Young and Benerjee, 2009) Global implication for managers The managers should keep in mind that the process of benchmarking in an oligopolistic structure strategy formulation should be done keeping in view both domestic as well as the global competitors. For example AT T communications not only took into account Northern telecom but also Siemens, Ericsson and NEC and Fujitsu. Many of the firms that refuse to take challenge from the foreign firms are likely to face consequences. Like many American firms got a serious blow from their Japanese competitors in the past 20 years. Companies like IBM and Caterpillar enjoys success because they established a strong hold in the Japanese market well before time. The oligopolistic structure also highlighted the importance of alliance for the managers. Alliances enable the firm to acquire technology from the rival firm. Whilst the acquisition of the technology can be a source of benefit for the firm, the firm giving up the technology can face causalities ( Yoffie,1993) Conclusion The managers of an oligopolistic market structure have to take into account several aspects in their decision making. The managers are plunged into complex pricing decision. They take into consideration the three Cs of Cost, customers and competition in their decision making. Price wars were common in an oligopolistic market, but they are becoming less frequent with the passage of time, mainly due to the realization of the managers. Managers have understood, through their bitter experiences, that the price wars are costly and do not bring any benefits. They chose to compete on the advertising and on product variations. So they have chosen not to compete on prices and have found for themselves a path of mutual advantage.

Weapons of the Middle Ages :: History

Weapons of the Middle Ages Have you ever wondered what kinds of weapons were used in the middle ages? Or have you wondered how they used to slash and bash through the heavily armored knights while being attacked by flying arrows by the longbowman? Well here are the answers There were a wide variety of weapons in the middle ages, one of which was the club. The club was mainly used to crush bones or fracture them. It was made of a light wood with a metal tip on the end and usually had spikes on them to inflict more damage. The club is the first melee weapon ever made and started in the Stone Age to kill deer or wild boar. As ages went by the club became less effective. After about 1400 A.D. the club was very rare to find in battle. What was interesting about the club is that it could easily be changed into a short-handled ax. All they had to do was either cut or take off the tip of the club and attach a sharp blade. The reason they sometimes changed the club into a short-handled ax, was because it could be throw n easily and inflict some pain, where the club when thrown, it was hard to throw and it inflicted little pain and damage. Another very useful weapon was the spear. The spear was a skirmisher’s best friend. A skirmisher was a soldier that carried around a bag full of spears. To keep from giving too much weight, they made the spear for the skirmishers with very lightweight wood, and a small pointy spearhead. The skirmisher’s job was to take the spears and throw them at a long range. The difference between a bow and arrow and a spear was that the spear could easily be turned into a melee weapon. In fact, when a skirmisher had only one spear left, he took the spear, left the bag, and went melee style and went into the battle. The first spear was simply a sharpened rock tied onto a long stick, which was in the Stone Age, and wasn’t used for killing people; it was used to kill animals for food, usually. Probably the most common weapon, was the sword. All kinds of swords, the standard sword, which was just a regular sword, the dagger, or knife, yes it was a type of sword, mainly a backup sword used if a soldier’s weapon was dropped, and the great sword, which was a huge sword that can only be used in control if the soldier used two hands.

Types of Reinforcement

People have been using the theory of reinforcement even though they have not properly studied this theoretical concept. They have been employing this theory to strengthen the response for a particular stimulus or environmental event (Huitt and Hummel). Reinforcement theory generally states that the frequency of eliciting the same response will likely increase if it is followed by a reinforcer. The probability of repeating the same behavior in the future is dependent on what occurs after the individual engages in that behavior (Malala, et al. ). There are four types of reinforcement.Each type of reinforcement is distinguished by the kind of stimulus presented after the response. In positive reinforcement, for instance, a positive stimulus is presented after a certain response to increase the frequency of that response of behavior (Malala, et al. ,; Huitt and Hummel). The positive stimulus usually comes in the form of rewards. Positive reinforcement has been used in school settings to reinforce positive attitude towards studying. For example, academic awards such as medals and certificates are given to students who excel academically or in a certain field such as sports.While the previous example used a tangible positive reinforcer, it could also be intangible. To cite an example, according to Kobus and her associates (48), the praise, support, and encouragement of teachers and significant others (e. g. , parents) motivate grade school students to work hard and increase their self-efficacy (i. e, confidence in one’s capability). Positive reinforcement has often been used by parents as well. They reward their children with a reinforcer such as money for their hard work in school or for cleaning their room.The concept has also been applied by companies for their employees. Salary increase and promotion, for example, are awarded to hardworking employees for their outstanding performance. On the other hand, in negative reinforcement, the reinforcer, which is s omething negative, is withdrawn after the response. Repetition of this phenomenon will increase the occurrence of the response. This is usually observed when a person wants to avoid the negative reinforcer (Huitt and Hummel). For instance, children obey the house rules so that their parents will not get mad at them.In this example, the negative reinforcer is the anger of the parents while the response is the obedience of children. At work, employees meet their requirements and deadlines to avoid being reprimanded by their boss. Most people think that negative reinforcement and punishment is the same, which is a misconception. While negative reinforcement elicits a positive response due to the removal of the negative reinforcer after the response, punishment lessens the frequency of a response or behavior by presenting a negative stimulus after the response (Huitt and Hummel).Punishment has been used at home, in school, and in the workplace. For example, at home, parents ground their children when they do not come home at the time agreed. In school, punishment is imposed to discipline students. A simple example of this is reprimanding noisy students for disrupting the class. Punishment has been a system adopted in schools in the form of disciplinary policies where punishment for specific types of school offense are indicated (Gaustad 3). In the workplace, an example of punishment could be reducing the salary of employees when they do not report to the office without filing a leave.As punishment, they will not be paid for the days they did not come to work. The fourth type of reinforcement is extinction. In extinction, the frequency of a response or behavior is weakened when the reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is removed (Huitt and Hummel). To cite an example, in the field of psychology, extinction learning has been used in treating disorders such as anxiety disorder. The goal of the treatment is to extinguish fear by teaching the patients that the stimulus they fear no longer results in harmful consequences (Anderson and Insel 319).For instance, the patient is exposed to a previously feared event associated with an unpleasant outcome to get him or her accustomed to the event until he or she does not fear it anymore. Extinction can also occur in a corporate setting. When a company stops giving bonuses to hardworking employees, they may lose motivation to work hard, resulting in a decline in productivity. Based on the examples stated earlier, it could be concluded that reinforcement affects the behavior of individuals, children and adults alike.Reinforcement can either increase or decrease the frequency of a certain behavior depending on the stimulus or reinforcer presented (or removed) after the behavior. Hence, it could be inferred that behavior can be modified according to the pleasantness of the reinforcement that can be experienced for doing a certain behavior. For example, an individual’s positive or desired b ehavior can be maintained with positive or negative reinforcements, while his negative or unwanted behaviors can be extinguished through punishment or extinction.

The Corruption of Downloading Music - 832 Words

Digitally illegal music file sharing is now mainstream. But should it be legal to those who have broken the law against the music industry and its artists? More specifically by RIAA the criminal can be charged by up to five years of jail time and fines up to $250,000. Some people agree that music files should be digitally shared, so everyone can have easy access to their favorite music without spending a substantial amount of money. But not everyone agrees with this idea. Some people believe that music file sharing should be illegal since record companies and artists have lost an enormous account of income because of the drops of the sales. There is a variety of different points of aspects on if digitally music file sharing should be illegal or not. There are many people ,including artists and people related to the music industry business, that they are totally against music piracy because of morals and economic related issues. The first massive strike on the record industry (RIAA) reports that music sales in the United States have dropped 47 percent since Napster came out in 1999. The availability of free music has cost the music industry $12.5 billion in economic losses. To regain some of these losses, the record industry has filed lawsuits against individuals who have been found to own downloaded music files. In some cases, some of those individuals have been sued for thousands, if not hundreds of thousands of dollars. According to Northwestern UniversityShow MoreRelated Intellectual Property and the Future of the Music Industry Essay2398 Words   |  10 PagesCorruption, Conscience, and Copyright: The Current State of Intellectual Property and the Future of the Music Industry â€Å"Today’s pirates operate not on the high seas but on the Internet, in illegal CD factories, distribution centers, and on the street. The pirate’s credo is still the same--why pay for it when it’s so easy to steal? 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Analysis Thomas Hobbess Claim A State of Nature Is, or...

Thomas Hobbes argues that a state of nature will eventually become a state of war of everyone against everyone. According the Hobbes, the main reason behind this change will be the harsh competition over scarce resources caused by the nature of man. Through out this essay Hobbess reasons will be explained in greater detail. In order to truly understand the logic behind Hobbess claim, we must first understand his point of view of human nature. The key element in Hobbess view on human nature was the importance of desires. Unlike many other philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle, Hobbes had a different approach to desires. He believed desires were real motive behind human behaviors. (Leviathan, p119) What motivated human actions were†¦show more content†¦Once again such a pattern of thinking will eventually lead up to a state of war. Having explained the reason behind Thomas Hobbess argument we can much accurately analyze his claim. Over all Thomas Hobbes has made a well put argument. His argument that human behavior is driven by desires is a realistic look to human nature. Simply by looking at todays world it is possible to see the consumption being made by human beings. As Thomas Hobbes says there is no complete satisfaction us humans. As soon as human beings acquire something desired, it suddenly does not seem to be enough and we set our eyes on something new. It can be agreed that desire is a positive thing for human race. If it werent for our endless desire, could we still have achieved so much in the field of science? Answer would probably be no. Humans have come a long way since our ancestors thanks to our endless desires. It can also be agreed on the point where Hobbes argues that this desire blinds us so much that we are willing to do anything to fulfill it. Even in todays so called civilized world of laws and authorities, it is surprising how much corruption and damage is made in the sake of having more and more. The reason most people obey th e laws is no more than the fear of being caught and facing dire consequences. Thinking, if there were no laws toShow MoreRelatedwisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 PagesEurope: Some Highlights 5 Renaissance Humor: Erasmus, Rabelais, Cervantes, Shakespeare 5 Two European Russians: Anton Chekhov and Vladimir Soloviev 9 Reflections on Humor from Nietzsche to the Theatre of the Absurd 12 Humor and Wisdom in the United States: Lincoln, Beecher, Twain, Sandburg, and Buchwald 17 From The Times (of London) obituary on him (January 19, 2007) that mentioned his â€Å"wit and wisdom† in its title, available at http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article1294342.ece

Life Is A Complicated Paradox - 942 Words

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How did the 2 films help you understand these issues Essay Example For Students

How did the 2 films help you understand these issues? Essay Explore who is most to blame for the deaths of Mercutio and Tybalt? Do you think the princes judgement was fair? How did the 2 films help you understand these issues? This scene is the pivoting point of the entire play. After the scene the entire play changes mood from happiness of love to tragedy. Much of what happens in this scene also seems to foretell what will happen in following scenes. At the start of this scene, we see Benvolio and Mercutio arguing. Benvolio is trying to draw Mercutio away, for he thinks that if they meet the Capulets, we shall not scape a brawl. Mercutio is shown at this point to be in a bad tempered mood. He begins to make things up to annoy Benvolio, for example that thou hast quarrelled with a man for coughing in the street because he hath wakened thy dog that hath lain in the sun. This show s Mercutios bad temper and hints that Mercutio might be to blame for his own death as he seems in a bad mood. This is also hinted at when Benvolio warns that the Capulets are coming. Mercutio fallows this by saying By my heel I care not. This shows that he seems to be looking for a fight. But then again, it also could be seen that as he is not of either house, he shouldnt have anything to fear from the Capulets. But his next line defiantly shows that he is looking for a fight as he issues a challenge to Tybalt with the words: And but one word with one of us? Couple it with something make it a word and a blow. Tybalts arrival in the line before shows that he is trying to be civil. Gentlemen, good den, a word with one of you he says, but Mercutios reply puts him off guard as he follows this by saying that he would accept his challenge if Mercutio gave him occasion. This would seem to hint that he is not to blame for any of the deaths, but then you find out that he is just trying to find Romeo as he says, Mercutio, thou consortest with Romeo. This shows that he just following up the challenge he issued to Romeo earlier on in the play following Romeos appearance at the party. This shows that Tybalt came out looking for a fight with Romeo, so he is just as much to blame as Mercutio. Yet still, after all of this, Mercutio is still taunting Tybalt showing his foul mood. Even after Benvolio tries to get them to settle the argument to avoid the princes punishments, Mercutio still replies aggressively, saying I will not budge for no mans pleasure, I. It is at this point in the play that Romeo enters, after being married to Juliet. Tybalt chooses to ignore Mercutios comments at this point as Romeo enters saying, Well, peace be with you, sir, here comes my man. This does show that although Tybalt did come looking for a fight with Romeo, he does not want to start one with Mercutio. Despite Mercutios continuing insults, Tybalt walks straight towards Romeo and challenges him saying thou art a villain. This challenge shows once again that Tybalt came looking for a fight. This would hint that he is slightly to blame, but Romeo dismisses the challenge, tactfully reasoning with Tybalt, even after Tybalts second challenge following this one, saying that he loves the name Capulet as dearly as his own. We know that this is because he is now married to Juliet, but Tybalt does not know this. Mercutios rage takes the better of him at this point saying O calm, dishonourable, vile submission. This in the context of the play is read that Mercutio believes that Romeo is being a coward by backing out and thus challenges Tybalt. This leads to much bartering and eventually the fight between Mercutio and Tybalt. Mercutio set this challenge though so it he is to blame for this fight, which could probably have been avoided, though Shakespeare does not give a hint to what would have happened if Mercutio hadnt joined in. That is left to the director to decide. During the fight though, Romeo tries to be a pacifist and comes between them. Tybalt then thrusts Mercutio underneath Romeos arm. The script seems to try to show that Tybalt did this purposefully, thus the death of Mercutio following this would be his fault. Mercutios death would seem to be the fault of Tybalt (as he actually killed him) and Mercutio for starting the fight. Yet Shakespeares plays usually have an added touch of fate or supernatural, and this script is very similar also. It is a big coincidence that Mercutio was caught in a bad mood in exactly the same time as Tybalt was caught looking for a fight with Romeo, at exactly the time following Rome o be married into the Capulets (though they have no idea!). All these issues are built up before this scene all clash together to give the feeling of fortune and fate being the main culprit of the death of Mercutio. The drama continues EssayAfter the exit of Romeo in the script Zeffirelli inserts act 3 scene 2 lines 1-8 which involves Juliet finding out that Romeo has killed Tybalt. This is to show the consequences of what has happened and how it affects Juliet before the Prices judgement comes to banish. This helps keep the order of her feelings so that the viewer does not get confused as quickly. Her feelings would change at anger at Romeo for killing her cousin to hurt that Romeo was banished. The officer is omitted from the scene because Zeffirelli feels that he is not needed to get the points across. The same reason is given for why some of Benvolio and the Princes speech is also omitted. The Baz Luhrmann version is a much more modern version of the play on the other hand. It chops the script about much more to get the feel and issues forward that the director wanted. A lot more of the lines are cut to shorten this part and the modern setting means that the fighting is more with guns then with swords. The Capulets in this version are brought forwards as the more evil gang, with Baz Luhrmann dressing them all in black and having them scaring away children in this scene when they arrive. Though Mercutio does have a jokey attitude at the start, when Tybalt says Mercutio, thou consortest with Romeo Baz Luhrmann makes the tension rise much quicker. He does not keep the jokey attitude. Music is brought in to add to this tension and the two of them square up to fight each other even before Romeo arrives. At Romeos arrival, Tybalts challenge causes Mercutio and Petruchio to prepare the other twos guns for a duel. After Romeos second refusal of the challenge, Baz Luhrmann has Tybalt attack Romeo, using repetition of many of the lines to add to the tension. To also add to this tension, Baz Luhrmann has the weather reflecting what is happening in the film with a storm sweeping in to darken the skies a bit. Baz Luhrmann makes it look like Mercutio just joins the fight to protect Romeo, referring the line O clam, dishonourable, vile submission! to Tybalt rather then Romeo. Romeo eventually stops Mercutio trying to stop him by holding him back. Tybalt then tries to kill Romeo with a shard of glass from the fight and as Mercutio pushes Romeo out of the way, Mercutio gets stabbed. Tybalt is made to look as if he didnt mean to kill Mercutio as he is dragged off by the other Capulets. The Continuing storm is still adding tension in the background at this point. This storm and the silence around Mercutios lines of A Plague aboth your houses seems to hint that Baz Luhrmann is trying to get across the supernatural and fate aspect of the play. When Mercutio dies Act 3, scene 2 lines 20-30 is inserted, the lines where Juliet is waiting for Romeo to come for her. The serenity of this scene is used as a reminder of Juliets involvement in all this and as a total contrast of the next part which uses a high-speed car crash to start off the fight between Romeo and Tybalt. The continuing storm still adds tension and just as Tybalt is killed (via gun shots from Romeo) a flash of Juliets face appears on screen. The final thunderclap sounds and Romeo drops his gun to show that Romeo has understood what he has just done. Shakespeare originally wrote this scene many years ago skilfully writing it to keep the way it could be played open. I think he was trying to focus on fate as the culprit for the death of Tybalt and Mercutio, as he does often in a lot of his plays although this scene could be read differently. This is shown in the many different versions of the text which have been performed, whether film or theatre, as they try to help the audience focus on their ideas about the different themes of the text.